一、時態和語態 前言
考試題型及考試重點：
考試題型：
有五種題型：1.閱讀理解；2.詞匯和語法；3.挑錯；4.英譯漢；5.漢譯英
從英語學習的一般規律來看，在英語學習的初級階段，一般說來，要把語法放在非常重要的地位。因為語法作為語言的規則，是構成語言的框架，沒有規則不成方圓。
在三級考試中，語法和詞匯中的語法要占到15～20道題，在第三題的改錯中全部考的是語法，語法的考察在30～35之間。因此，要求我們在做三級試題的時候必須拿下28～30道題。
語法的考試點及考試規律：
1）三級考試所考察的語法只是一些語法的規則。
2）考試具有重復性。
3）語法考試的普遍性：在所有這些語法中，每年都會涉及到一些不是非常重要的語法。
要求大家必須做到的：
1）聽懂課堂上所講的內容
2）熟悉語法的規則
3）會做后面的練習。
（一）時態
英語中一共有16種時態：一般現在、一般過去、一般將來、過去將來時，以及這四者的進行時、完成時和完成進行時。但從92年以來的考題統計來看，時態考題中，考查將來完成時最多，時態考查的次序依次為：將來完成時—— 過去完成時 —— 現在完成進行時 —— 現在完成時。
先看以下各題：
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started
C.have already started
D.have already been started
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
9）When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she two days before.（2003.11）
A.has left
B.was leaving
C.would leave
D.had left
10）Since he left the university, he __________ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
「**」BCDBD CBDDA
「評析」
1.以上試題對時態的考查可以分為兩部分內容，一部分是與條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中的時態有關，如2）和4）；另一部分是與完成時態有關，其余各題便是如此。
2.一般在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現在時表示一般將來，用現在完成時表示將來完成，用一般過去時表示過去將來。如2）和4）。
2）When the mixture it will give off a powerful force.（1992.6）
A.will heat
B.will be heated
C.is heated
D.has heated
**：C
4）Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.（1993.6）
A.will finish
B.has finished
C.finish
D.would finish
**：B
再如：
If you happen to come across Jack, please tell him to come
A B C
and see me when he will be free.（2000.6 ）
D
**：D.will be 應改為is.
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
3.現在完成時有兩種用法，一種表示過去發生，但對現在有影響的動作或狀態，常和in the past years, this year, so far, up to now, yet等表示非確定性過去的時間狀語連用，如3）。
3）English in a new way at my college in the past few years.（1992.6）
A.has been teaching
B.was being taught
C.has been taught
D.had been taught
**：C
再如：
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of the experiments.
同時，注意上句中副詞already的位置。
現在完成時的另外一種用法是：表示從過去某個時間開始一直延續到現在的動作或狀態，如6）：
6）He the army for ten years and is now an officer.（1995.6）
A.has gone into
B.has joined in
C.has been in
D.has come into
**：C
同時，還要注意這道試題反映出來的另外一個問題：在完成時態中，終止性動詞不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，而表示狀態或動作持續的謂語動詞必須與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
4.過去完成時表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經發生的動作或已經存在的狀態。就是我們常說的：表示"過去的過去發生的動作或狀態"，如7）
7）About the sixth century A.D when few Europeans could read, the Chinese paper.（1997.6）
A.invented
B.had invented
C.have invented
D.had been invented
**：B
5.將來完成時態表示到將來某個時間為止已經完成的動作。如1）和5）。
1）We're late.I expect the film by the time we get to the cinema.（1992.6）
A.had already started
B.will already have started.
C.have already started
D.have already been started
**：B
5）All the machines by the end of following week.（1993.6）
A.were repaired
B.will be repaired
C.have been repaired
D.will have been repaired
**：D
再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A.will have risen
B.has risen
C.will be rising
D.has been rising
**：A
6.與現在完成時不同，現在完成進行時則表示某個動作從過去持續到現在，并且仍在進行，如8）和10）。
8）I on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.（1998.6）
A.was knocking
B.am knocking
C.knocking
D.have been knocking
**：D
10）Since he left the university, he _____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working
B.had worked
C.had been working
D.was working
**：A
再如：
We have been working on this project for over a month now.
「考試策略」
1）根據時間狀語選擇時態，特別是完成時的時間狀語一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語居多。如果句中的時間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動詞一般用完成時態，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
2）如果沒有時間狀語，那就根據試題中出現的動作發生的順序做出判斷。如：
He found the book that he had lost.
A B
3）注意特殊句型中的時態，如：
①hardly/scarcely …when… 和no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
我剛放下話筒，電話又響了。
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
他們一得到消息，他們就去酒吧喝酒了。
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